Level 8 Biology Page Listing (2010 Edition)

Key to Symbols

Existing material which has
been upgraded this edition.

A new activity for this edition.
ISBN: 978-1-877462-50-4
Pages: 400

The page listing for this workbook is provided below.
Page numbers refer to the first page of each activity.
Some activities consist of two or more pages.

Note to the Teacher & Acknowledgments iii

Getting The Most From This Resource 1

Explanation of Terms 2

Resources Information 3

Textbook Reference Grid 3

Assessment Schedules 4

Making www.biozone.co.nz Work For You 5

Contemporary Biological Issues

Objectives and Key Concepts 6

Contemporary Biological Issues 7

Investigating an Ecological Niche

Objectives and Key Concepts 9

Investigating Habitat Preference 10

The Scientific Method 11

A Guide to Research Projects 13

Choosing Your Topic 14

Designing Your Experiment 15

Designing Your Field Study 17

Transforming Raw Data 19

Data Presentation 21

Terms and Notation 22

Types of Graphs 23

Drawing Scatter Plots 25

Drawing Line Graphs 26

Interpreting Line Graphs 27

Taking the Next Step 29

Descriptive Statistics 31

The Reliability of the Mean 33

Linear Regression 35

The Chi-Squared Test 37

The Student’s t Test 38

Student’s t Test Exercise 39

Comparing More Than Two Groups 41

Writing Your Report 43

Writing the Methods 44

Writing Your Results 45

Writing Your Discussion 46

Citing and Listing References 47

KEY TERMS Mix and Match 49

The Role of DNA

Objectives and Key Concepts 50

Prokaryotic Cells 51

Eukaryotic Cells 52

The Genome 53

Prokaryotic Chromosomes 54

Eukaryote Chromosome Structure 55

Karyotypes 57

Human Karyotype Exercise 59

DNA Molecules 62

Nucleic Acids 63

Creating a DNA Model 65

The Genetic Code 69

Cell Division 70

DNA Replication 71

Mitosis and the Cell Cycle 73

Mitosis vs Meiosis 75

Apoptosis: Programmed Cell Death 76

Amino Acids 77

Proteins 79

The Simplest Case: Genes to Proteins 81

Analysing a DNA Sample 82

Gene Expression 83

Transcription 85

Translation 86

Protein Synthesis Summary 87

Does DNA Really Carry the Code? 88

KEY TERMS What Am I? 89

Control of Gene Expression

Objectives and Key Concepts 91

Gene Detectives 92

Enzymes 93

Metabolic Pathways 95

Gene Control in Prokaryotes 97

Gene Control in Eukaryotes 99

Defective Gene Regulation 100

Oestrogen, Transcription and Cancer 101

Gene Interactions

Objectives and Key Concepts 102

A Gene That Can Tell Your Future 103

The Advantages of Sex 104

Meiosis 105

Crossing Over 107

Crossing Over Problems 108

Linkage 109

Recombination 110

Chromosome Mapping 111

Basic Genetic Crosses 114

Dominance of Alleles 115

Multiple Alleles in Blood Groups 117

Sex Linkage 119

Sex Determination 121

Genomic Imprinting 122

Lethal Alleles 123

Inheritance Patterns 124

Pedigree Analysis 125

Genetic Counselling 128

Gene-Environment Interactions 129

Interactions Between Genes 131

Collaboration 132

Polygenes 133

Epistasis 135

Complementary Genes 137

Summary of Gene Interactions 138

KEY TERMS Crossword 139

Mutations

Objectives and Key Concepts 140

Nature of Mutation 141

Gene Mutations 143

Inherited Metabolic Disorders 145

Sickle Cell Mutation 146

Cystic Fibrosis Mutation 147

Point Mutation Problems 148

Chromosome Mutations 149

Resistance in Pathogens 151

The Fate of Conceptions 153

Aneuploidy in Humans 154

Aneuploidy in Sex Chromosomes 155

Trisomy in Human Autosomes 157

Polyploidy 159

The Domestication of Wheat 161

KEY TERMS Memory Card Game 163

Orientation Responses

Objectives and Key Concepts 165

Plant Responses 166

Tropisms and Growth Responses 167

Investigating Phototropism 168

Investigating Gravitropism 169

Nastic Responses 170

Plant Hormones and Applications 171

Taxes and Kineses 173

Pheromones 174

Animal Migrations 175

Migration Patterns 177

Bird Migrations in New Zealand 178

Migratory Navigation in Birds 179

Cuckoo Migrations 181

Sun Compass Navigation 182

Homing in Insects 183

Homing in Salmon 184

Prehistoric Human Navigation 185

KEY TERMS Word Find 186

Timing Responses

Objectives and Key Concepts 187

Astronomical Cycles 188

Biological Rhythms 189

Biological Clocks 190

Human Biorhythms 191

Daily Rhythms in NZ Birds 193

Recording Animal Activity 194

Rhythms in Cockroaches 195

Plant Rhythms 196

Photoperiodism in Plants 197

Auxins, Gibberellins, and ABA 199

KEY TERMS Mix and Match 200

Species Relationships

Objectives and Key Concepts 201

Communication is Everything 202

Plant Defence Mechanisms 203

The Components of Behaviour 204

Social Organisation 205

Animal Communication 207

Animal Behaviour Record 209

Intraspecific Competition 210

Interspecific Competition 211

Species Interactions 213

Aggressive Behaviour 215

Predator-Prey Strategies 217

Home Ranges and Resources 219

Yellowhead Territories 221

Monkey Hierarchy 222

Social Hierarchy in Pukekos 223

Cooperative Behaviour 225

Mating Systems 226

Breeding Behaviour 227

Parental Care 229

Cooperative Defence and Attack 230

Cooperative Food Gathering 231

Speciation

Objectives and Key Concepts 232

Small Flies and Giant Buttercups 233

Genes, Inheritance, and Selection 234

Gene Pools and Evolution 235

Adaptations and Fitness 237

Heterozygous Advantage 238

Natural Selection 239

Industrial Melanism 241

Antigenic Variability in Pathogens 243

Evolution of Drug Resistance 244

The Species Concept 245

Stages in Species Development 247

Isolation and Species Formation 248

Reproductive Isolation 249

Allopatric Speciation 251

Sympatric Speciation 253

KEY TERMS Crossword 254

Patterns of Evolution

Objectives and Key Concepts 255

Patterns of Evolution 256

The Evolution of Novel Forms 257

Convergent Evolution 259

Coevolution 261

The Rate of Evolutionary Change 263

Geographical Distribution 264

Adaptive Radiation in Mammals 265

The Evolution of Darwin's Finches 267

Adaptive Radiation in Ratites 269

Extinction 271

Ancient New Zealand Landscapes 272

Origin of New Zealand Parrots 273

Giant Land Snails 275

Adaptive Radiation in Wrens 277

Evolution in NZ Invertebrates 279

Evolution in Hebe 280

KEY TERMS Memory Card Game 281

Biotechnology

Objectives and Key Concepts 283

Amazing Organisms, Amazing Enzymes 284

The Scope of Biotechnology 285

Restriction Enzymes 287

Ligation 289

Gel Electrophoresis 290

Polymerase Chain Reaction 291

DNA Profiling Using PCR 293

Forensic Applications of DNA Profiling 295

Preparing a Gene for Cloning 296

In Vivo Gene Cloning 297

DNA Chips 299

Manual DNA Sequencing 301

Chymosin Production 303

Golden Rice 305

Production of Insulin 307

Gene Therapy 309

Gene Delivery Systems 311

Applications of GMOs 312

Monoclonal Antibodies 313

Genome Analysis 315

Investigating Genetic Diversity 317

The Human Genome Project 319

Genome Projects 321

Cloning by Embryo Splitting 322

Cloning by Nuclear Transfer 323

Plant Tissue Culture 325

Stem Cells 327

Organ Transplants 329

Tissue Engineering 331

Xenotransplantation 332

Putting It All Together 333

KEY TERMS Mix and Match 334

Food for the Masses 335

Finding the Connection 337

Repairing the Damage 338

Review of Biotechnology 339

The Primates

Objectives and Key Concepts 340

Primate Groups 341

Primate Classification 342

Identifying Primates 343

General Primate Characteristics 344

Primate Skull Features 345

Primate Behaviour 346

Physical Features of Primates 347

Primate Niches 349

Human Evolution

Objectives and Key Concepts 350

Human Skull Anatomy 351

Hominin Evolution 352

Human Characteristics 354

The Emerging View 355

Ardipithecus ramidus 357

Hominin Data Sheets 359

The Early (Pre)Hominins of Africa 361

Ardipithecus ramidus 362

Australopithecus afarensis 362

Australopithecus africanus 363

Paranthropus spp 363

Homo habilis 364

Homo georgicus 364

Homo ergaster 365

Homo erectus 365

Archaic Homo sapiens 366

Homo floresiensis 366

Homo neanderthalensis 367

Homo sapiens 367

Distinguishing Features of Hominins 368

The Origin of Modern Humans 369

Bipedalism and Nakedness 372

Adaptations for Bipedalism 373

The Development of Intelligence 375

Cultural Evolution 377

Palaeolithic Tool Cultures 379

Palaeolithic Tool Use 381

Social Development 382

Dating a Prehistoric Site 383

Art and Spirituality 385

Trends in Human Evolution 387

KEY TERMS Word Find 389


APPENDIX 390

INDEX 393