Introduction to Ecosystems

• Biological complexity
• The biosphere
• Biomes (e.g. terrestrial, deserts, forests, tundra)
• Predicting biome distributions
• Components of an ecosystem
• Communities
• Environments
• Climate and vegetation
• Factors affecting ecosystems
• Monitoring physical factors
• Physical gradients in desert environments, rocky shore environments, rainforests and lakes

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The Ecological Niche

• Ecological niche
• Physical conditions
• Law of tolerance
• Habitats
• Microhabitats
• Browsers
• Plant and animal adaptations
• Adaptations and fitness
• Acclimatization
• Water balance and conserving water in plants
• Adaptations of hydrophytes and halophytes
• Mangrove adaptations
• Insectivorous plants
• Competition and niche size
• Principle
• Niche differentiation
• Competition in social groups
• Hierarchies
• Home range
• Core areas
• Territories

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Populations and Interactions

• Populations
• Population features
• Population regulation
• Environmental factors
• Migration
• Population growth
• Life tables
• Survivorship curves
• r and K selection
• Age structure
• Species interactions
• Intraspecific competition
• Interspecific competition
• Predator-prey interactions
• Prey-capturing strategies
• Predator-avoidance strategies
• The evolutionary arms race

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Practical Ecology

• The scientific method
• Making observations
• Forming a hypothesis
• Generating predictions
• Assumptions
• Planning an investigation
• Variables
• Field studies
• Sample size
• Replication
• Collection and analysis of data
• Constructing tables and graphs
• Transformations, Descriptive statistics
• Frequency graphs
• Measuring spread
• The reliability of the mean
• Statistical tests
• Monitoring physical factors
• Sampling populations directly and indirectly
• Animal population samples
• Electronic devices
• Radio-tracking

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Communities

• Trophic structure
• Food chains
• Energy flow
• Food webs
• Energy transformations
• Producers, consumers and decomposers
• Productivity
• Ecological efficiency
• Ecololgical pyramids
• Community patterns (zonation, stratification, ecological succession)
• Carbon cycle
• Nitrogen cycle
• Phosphorus cycle
• Hydrological cycle

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Biodiversity & Conservation

• Global issues
• Global human impact on resources
• Human population growth
• Population stabilization
• Fertility rates
• Gathering resource information
• Fisheries management
• Atmospheric pollution
• Acid rain
• Water pollution
• Eutrophication
• Biological Oxygen Demand
• Sewage treatment
• Global warming
• Greenhouse effect
• Tropical deforestation
• Ozone depletion
• Fertilizers
• Nutrient cycles
• Desertification
• Soil degradation
• Agricultural ecosystems
• Hydroponics
• The impact of farming
• Managing woodlands and grasslands
• Integrated pest management
• Biological pest control
• Pesticides
• Bioaccumulation
• Waste management
• Energy resources

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Human Impact

• Biodiversity
• Diversity indices
• Endemic species
• Classifying threatened species
• Criteria for threatened species
• Biodiversity hotspots
• Projected primate extinction
• Conservation of the barn owl
• The Habitats Directive
• Natura 2000
• African elephant conservation
• The ivory trade
• Species decline
• National parks, Island reserves
• Mainland islands
• Introduced pests
• Endangered species
• Extinctions
• Environmental change

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